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With more young people in the world than ever before, Monday's World Population Day focuses on why we need to invest in teenage girls. Girls around the world face enormous challenges. Many are considered by their communities or parents to be ready for marriage and motherhood. Many are forced from school, damaging their future prospects. Yet with proper investment in their education and health, girls can transform their countries' economies and futures.

Great news! The Gambia has banned child marriages, following a month-long national campaign targeting communities across the country.

New strategies to end violence against childrenelp us change this statistic: Every five minutes a child dies as a result of violence. Today we helped launch a new partnership & fund to make ending violence against children a priority.

12 JULY 2016 - WHO and partners today launch 7 interlinked strategies to reduce violence against children. The approaches have all been tested and all have shown concrete results. By bringing them together, WHO hopes to dramatically reduce instances of violence against children.

Over the past year, up to 1 billion children have experienced physical, sexual or psychological violence, according to a recent study published in “Pediatrics”. Homicide is among the top 5 causes of death for adolescents. 1 in 4 children suffer physical abuse, and nearly 1 in 5 girls are sexually abused at least once in their lives.

The 7 strategies highlighted in the “INSPIRE” package are:

• Implementation and enforcement of laws: such as those limiting access by young people to firearms and other weapons (South Africa) and those criminalizing the violent punishment of children by parents (many European countries).
• Norms and values: by changing beliefs and behaviours around gender roles (India, South Africa, Uganda and the United States).
• Safe environments: by targeting violent “hotspots” and enhancing the built environment, for example, by improving housing (Colombia, United Kingdom, and the United States).
• Parent and caregiver support: such as the provision of training in parenting (Kenya, Liberia, Myanmar, South Africa, Thailand, and the United States).
• Income and economic strengthening: including microfinance combined with training around gender norms (Afghanistan, Cote d’Ivoire, South Africa, Uganda, and the United States).
• Response and support services: such as treatment programmes for juvenile offenders (many European countries and the United States).
• Education and life skills: for example, establishing a safe school environment and improving children’s life and social skills (China, Croatia, South Africa, Uganda, and the United States).

“Knowledge about the extent and harms of violence against children is growing, together with evidence about effective strategies for prevention”, notes Dr Etienne Krug, Director at WHO. “Now we need to build on that knowledge to work collectively to create the safe, stable, and nurturing environments that protect children and adolescents from violent harm.”

How To Chat With Whatsapp On PC Using Firefox, Opera And Chrome Browsers - Phones - NairalandOpen Whatsapp on your phone, go to menu and tap "Whatsapp Web" Then adjust your phone to scan the QR code on your web browser. If successfully scanned, you are good to go. Happy Chatting!!! wink wink wink wink

7 Things You Never Knew You Could Do With Whatsapp - Phones - NairalandRemember text messages? Those little 160 character SMS packages of joy? The “vvvrrrfff-vvvrrrff” of your phone, accompanied by a little pixelated envelope? As of 2009, Whatsapp has been doing its utmost to see the world shift from the Short Message Service to its streamlined app. The world sends over 30 billion messages a day with it, along with some 200 million photos – and now people are making phone calls through it. It’s one of the largest uses of phone data packages across the globe. And yet, we bet you didn’t know it could do all this… Send a broadcast list Sure, you’ve got group chats for talking to your football team/work colleagues/Dungeons & Dragons group – but there are times when you might want to send a message to a bunch of people without having to add them to a conversation Fun. That’s why Whatsapp has Broadcast List – a function that allows you to send the same message to a list of contacts. “Meal starts at 7pm/Game kicks off at 3pm/Don’t forget to bring your robes”, that sort of thing. From the Chats screen, on Android you’ll want to hit the Menu button (three dots) and select New broadcast. On iOS, there’s an option for Broadcast Lists at the top of the chat screen. Add the contacts you want to receive the message (it’ll only work if they’ve got your number on their phone, mind), write the message and bosh – mass communication without the need for a group.

Durban Restaurants and Bars

Johannesburg Restaurants and Bars

The Eatwell Guide shows how much of what we eat overall should come from each food group to achieve a healthy, balanced diet.

Eating processed foodsProcessed foods aren't just microwave meals and other ready meals. The term 'processed food' applies to any food that has been altered from its natural state in some way, either for safety reasons or convenience. This means you may be eating more processed food than you realise. Processed foods aren't necessarily unhealthy, but anything that’s been processed may contain added salt, sugar and fat. One advantage of cooking food from scratch at home is that you know exactly what is going into it, including the amount of added salt or sugar. However, even homemade food sometimes uses processed ingredients. Read on to find out how you can eat processed foods as part of a healthy diet. What counts as processed food? Most shop-bought foods will have been processed in some way. Examples of common processed foods include: breakfast cereals cheese tinned vegetables bread savoury snacks, such as crisps meat products, such as bacon "convenience foods", such as microwave meals or ready meals drinks, such as milk or soft drinks Food processing techniques include freezing, canning, baking, drying and pasteurising products. Dietitian Sian Porter says: "Not all processed food is a bad choice. Some foods need processing to make them safe, such as milk, which needs to be pasteurised to remove harmful bacteria. Other foods need processing to make them suitable for use, such as pressing seeds to make oil. "Freezing fruit and veg preserves most vitamins, while tinned produce (choose those without added sugar and salt) can mean convenient storage, cooking and choice to eat all year round, with less waste and cost than fresh."

Nutrition labels on the back or side of packaging Nutrition labels are often displayed as a panel or grid on the back or side of packaging. For example, the image below shows the nutrition label on a loaf of white bread. This type of label includes information on energy (kJ/kcal), fat, saturates (saturated fat), carbohydrate, sugars, protein and salt. It may also provide additional information on certain nutrients, such as fibre. All nutrition information is provided per 100 grams and sometimes per portion.

Top sources of added sugar in our dietFrom cola, chocolate and ketchup to beer, yoghurt and soup, find out where most of the added sugar in our diet lurks. "Added sugar", such as table sugar, honey and syrups, should not make up more than 5% of the total energy we get from food and drink each day. This is around 30g a day of added sugar for anyone aged 11 and older. But the National Diet and Nutrition Survey reveals Britons are having far too much, especially children aged 11 to 18 years – 15% of their daily calories are from added sugar. "Sugar is sugar," says dietitian Catherine Collins. "Whether it's white, brown, unrefined sugar, molasses or honey, don't kid yourself: there is no such thing as a healthy sugar." If you want to cut down on sugar, get used to reading food labels, comparing products, and choosing lower-sugar or sugar-free versions. Sugar comes in many guises on food labels, including: corn sugar dextrose fructose glucose high-fructose glucose syrup honey maple syrup agave syrup invert sugar isoglucose levulose maltose molasses sucrose Below are the six main sources of added sugar in the British diet according to the National Diet and Nutrition Survey, with examples of some of the main sweet offenders. Sugar, preserves and confectionery Up to 27% of our daily intake of added sugar Choc horror! Britons have a sweet tooth. A large chunk of the added sugar in our daily diet (up to 27%) comes from table sugar, jams, chocolate and sweets, with chocolate regularly voted Britain's favourite sweet treat. Sugar intake is highest among children aged 11 to 18 years. Sweet offenders: chocolate spread (57.1g of total sugar per 100g) plain chocolate (62.6g/100g) fruit pastilles (59.3g/100g) Non-alcoholic drinks 25% of our daily intake of added sugar Perhaps the most surprising source, nearly a quarter (25%) of the added sugar in our diet comes from soft drinks, fruit juice, and other non-alcoholic drinks. The levels are even higher among children aged 11 to 18 years, who get 40% of their added sugar from drinks – mainly soft drinks, such as cola. A 500ml bottle of cola contains the equivalent of 17 cubes of sugar. Perhaps more surprising, 100% pure unsweetened fruit juice is high in the type of sugars we need to cut down on. This is because the juicing process releases the sugars contained in the fruit, meaning they can damage our teeth. That said, fruit juice still contains vitamins and minerals, so one glass (150ml) of unsweetened 100% fruit juice counts as one of your 5 A DAY. To reduce the risk of tooth decay, fruit juice is best enjoyed at mealtimes. Children should avoid sugary drinks and swap to water, lower-fat milks, and diet, sugar-free and no-added sugar drinks. Sweet offenders: cola (10.9g/100ml) squash cordials (24.6g/100ml) sweetened fruit juice (9.8g/100ml) Biscuits, buns and cakes 20% of our daily intake of added sugar Britain is a nation of "grazers", preferring to fill up on something that's quick and comforting, but often high in sugar and fat, such as buns, pastries, biscuits, and other cereal-based foods. While cereal-based products, especially wholegrains, form part of a healthy balanced diet, try to cut down on varieties high in sugar and fat, which can increase the risk of tooth decay and contribute to weight gain if eaten in excess. Sweet offenders: iced cakes (54g/100g) chocolate-coated biscuits (45.8g/100g) frosted corn flakes (37g/100g) Alcoholic drinks 11% of our daily intake of added sugar Some people are unaware of the sugar content in alcohol and don't include booze when calculating their daily calorie intake. Alcohol contains more calories (7kcal/g) than carbohydrates or protein (4kcal/g). A standard glass of wine (175ml, 12% ABV, 126kcal) can contain as many calories as a piece of chocolate. Tips on cutting down: have a few alcohol-free days each week try lower-alcohol drinks have a smaller bottle of beer instead of a can use sugar-free mixers swap every other drink for a water or sugar-free soft drink For more advice, read about calories in alcohol and get some tips on cutting down. Dairy products 6% of our daily intake of added sugar Dairy products like cheese and yoghurt form part of a healthy balanced diet. But some dairy products, such as flavoured milks, yoghurts and dairy-based desserts like ice cream, contain added sugar. Sweet offenders: fruit yoghurt (16.6g/100g) fruit fromage frais (13.3g/100g) choc ice (20.5g/100g) Savoury food 5% of our daily intake of added sugar Sugar is also found in surprisingly large amounts in many savoury foods, such as stir-in sauces, ketchup, salad cream, ready meals, marinades, chutneys, and crisps. A study by Which? found some ready meals had more sugar content than vanilla ice cream. Sweet offenders: tomato ketchup (27.5g/100g) stir-in sweet and sour sauce (20.2g/100g) salad cream (16.7g/100g)

How to cut down on sugar in your dietWe Britons really do eat too much sugar: 700g of the sweet stuff a week. That's an average of 140 teaspoons per person. Added sugars, such as table sugar, honey and syrups, shouldn't make up more than 5% of the energy you get from food and drink each day. That's about 30g a day for anyone aged 11 and older. Below are some simple tips to help you gradually cut down on the amount of added sugar in your diet: Sugar's many names Breakfast Main meals Snacks Drinks Dessert Sugar's many guises There are lots of different ways added sugar can be listed on ingredients labels: sucrose glucose fructose maltose fruit juice molasses hydrolysed starch invert sugar corn syrup honey Nutrition labels tell you how much sugar a food contains: high in sugar – 22.5g or more of total sugar per 100g low in sugar – 5g or less of total sugar per 100g Some packaging uses a colour-coded system that makes it easy to choose foods that are lower in sugar, salt and fat. Look for more "greens" and "ambers", and fewer "reds", in your shopping basket. Breakfast Many breakfast cereals are high in sugar. Try switching to lower-sugar cereals or those with no added sugar, such as: plain porridge plain wholewheat cereal biscuits plain shredded wholegrain pillows Swapping a bowl of sugary breakfast cereal for plain cereal could cut out 70g of sugar (up to 22 sugar cubes) from your diet over a week. Porridge oats are cheap and contain vitamins, minerals and fibre. Make porridge with semi-skimmed, 1% or skimmed milk, or water. If you usually add sugar to your porridge, try adding a few chopped dried apricots or a sliced or mashed banana instead. Or you could try our apple-pie porridge recipe. For a more gradual approach, you could eat sugary cereals and plain cereals on alternate days, or mix both in the same bowl. If you add sugar to your cereal, you could try adding less. Or you could eat a smaller portion and add some chopped fruit, such as a pear or banana, which is an easy way of getting some of your 5 A DAY. Read our guide to choosing healthy breakfast cereals. If toast is your breakfast staple, try wholemeal or granary bread, which is higher in fibre than white bread, and see if you can get by with a little less of your usual spreads like jam, marmalade, honey or chocolate. Or you could try sugar-free or lower-sugar options. Main meals Many foods that we don't consider to be sweet contain a surprisingly large amount of sugar. Some ready-made soups, stir-in sauces and ready meals can also be higher in sugar than you think. A third of an average-sized jar of pasta sauce (roughly 150g) can contain more than 13g of sugar, including added sugar – the equivalent of three teaspoons of sugar. When eating out or buying takeaways, watch out for dishes that are typically high in sugar, such as sweet and sour dishes, sweet chilli dishes and some curry sauces, as well as salads with dressings like salad cream, which can also be high in sugar. Condiments and sauces such as ketchup can have as much as 23g of sugar in 100g – roughly half a teaspoon per serving. These foods are usually served in small quantities, but the sugar count can add up if eaten every day. Get tips on making healthier choices when buying takeaway food and eating out. Snacks Healthier snack options are those without added sugar, such as fruit (fresh, tinned or frozen), unsalted nuts, unsalted rice cakes, oatcakes, or homemade plain popcorn. For more ideas, check out these quick and easy 100-calorie snacks. If you're not ready to give up your favourite flavours, you could start by having less. Instead of two biscuits in one sitting, try having one. If your snack has two bars, have one and share the other, or save it for another day. If you're an "all-or-nothing" type person, you could find something to do to take your mind off food on some days of the week. When shopping, look out for lower-sugar (and lower-fat) versions of your favourite snacks. Buy smaller packs, or skip the family bags and just go for the normal-sized one instead. Here are some lower-calorie substitutes for popular snacks: cereal bars – despite their healthy image, many cereal bars can be high in sugar and fat. Look out for bars that are lower in sugar, fat and salt. Or try this fruity granola bar recipe to make your own. chocolate – swap for a lower-calorie hot instant chocolate drink. You can also get chocolate with coffee and chocolate with malt varieties. biscuits – swap for oatcakes, oat biscuits, or unsalted rice cakes, which also provide fibre. cakes – swap for a plain currant bun, fruit scone, or malt loaf. If you add toppings or spreads, use them sparingly or choose lower-fat and lower-sugar varieties. Dried fruit, such as raisins, dates and apricots, is high in sugar and can be bad for your dental health because it sticks to your teeth. To prevent tooth decay, dried fruit is best enjoyed at mealtimes – as part of a dessert, for example – rather than as a snack. Drinks Nearly a quarter of the added sugar in our diets comes from sugary drinks, such as fizzy drinks, sweetened juices, squashes, and cordials. A 500ml bottle of cola contains the equivalent of 17 cubes of sugar. Try sugar-free varieties, or – better yet – water, lower-fat milk, or soda water with a splash of fruit juice. If you take sugar in tea or coffee, gradually reduce the amount until you can cut it out altogether, or try swapping to sweeteners instead. Try some new flavours with herbal teas, or make your own with hot water and a slice of lemon or ginger. Like some fizzy drinks, fruit juice can be high in sugar. When juice is extracted from the whole fruit to make fruit juice, sugar is released, and this can damage our teeth. Limit your intake of fruit juice or smoothies to 150ml a day. However, fruit juices do contain vitamins and minerals, and a 150ml glass of unsweetened 100% fruit or vegetable juice counts as one of your 5 A DAY. You could try flavouring water with a slice of lemon, lime, or a splash of fruit juice. But watch out for the sugar content in flavoured water drinks: a 500ml glass of some brands contains 15g of sugar, the equivalent of nearly four teaspoons of sugar. Dessert Work out some ground rules. Do you need to have dessert every day? How about only having dessert after your evening meal, or only eating dessert on odd days of the month, or only on weekends, or only at restaurants? Do you have to have chocolate, biscuits, and cake every day? If you had this type of sugary snack less often, would you actually enjoy it more? Less sugary desserts include fruit – fresh, frozen, dried, or tinned, but choose those canned in juice rather than syrup – as well as lower-fat and lower-sugar rice pudding, and plain lower-fat yoghurt. However, lower fat doesn't necessarily mean low sugar. Some lower-fat yoghurts can be sweetened with refined sugar, fruit juice concentrate, glucose, and fructose syrup. If you're stuck between choosing two desserts at the supermarket, why not compare the labels on both packages and go for the one with the lower amount of sugar.

see how Cancer, Detection & Treatment

How can cancer be detected early?

In many cases, the sooner cancer is diagnosed and treated, the better a person's chance for a full recovery. If you develop cancer, you can improve the chance that it will be detected early if you have regular medical checkups and do certain self-exams. Often a doctor can find early cancer during a physical exam or with routine tests, even if a person has no symptoms. Some important medical exams, tests, and self-exams are discussed on the next pages. The doctor may suggest other exams for people who are at increased risk for cancer.

Ask your doctor about your cancer risk, problems to watch for, and a schedule of regular checkups. The doctor's advice will be based on your age, medical history, family history, and other risk factors. The doctor also can help you learn about self-exams. (More information and free booklets about self-exams are available from the National Cancer Institute's Cancer Information Service).

Many local health departments have information about cancer screening or early detection programs. The Cancer Information Service also can tell you about such programs.

Exams For Both Men And Women

Skin - The doctor should examine your skin during regular checkups for signs of skin cancer. You should also check regularly for new growths, sores that do not heal, changes in the size, shape, or color of any moles, or any other changes on the skin. Warning signs like these should be reported to the doctor right away.

Colon and Rectum - Beginning at age 50, you should have a yearly fecal occult blood test. This test is a check for hidden (occult) blood in the stool. A small amount of stool is placed on a plastic slide or on special paper. It may be tested in the doctor's office or sent to a lab. This test is done because cancer of the colon and rectum can cause bleeding. However, noncancerous conditions can also cause bleeding, so having blood in the stool does not necessarily mean a person has cancer. If blood is found, the doctor orders more tests to help make a diagnosis.

To check for cancer of the rectum, the doctor inserts a gloved finger into the rectum and feels for any bumps or abnormal areas. A digital rectal exam should be done during regular checkups.

After age 50, you should have either a flexible sigmoidoscopy every five years, or acolonoscopy every 10 years. In this exam, the doctor uses a thin, flexible tube with a light to look inside the rectum and colon for abnormal areas.

Mouth - Your doctor and dentist should examine your mouth at regular visits. Also, by looking in a mirror, you can check inside your mouth for changes in the color of the lips, gums, tongue, or inner cheeks, and for scabs, cracks, sores, white patches, swelling, or bleeding. It is often possible to see or feel changes in the mouth that might be cancer or a condition that might lead to cancer. Any symptoms in your mouth should be checked by a doctor or dentist. Oral exams are especially important for people who use alcohol or tobacco products and for anyone over age 50.

Exams For Men

Prostate - Men over age 40 should have a yearly digital rectal exam to check the prostate gland for hard or lumpy areas. The doctor feels the prostate through the wall of the rectum.

Testicles - Testicular cancer occurs most often between ages 15 and 34. Most of these cancers are found by men themselves, often by doing a testicular self-exam. If you find a lump or notice another change, such as heaviness, swelling, unusual tenderness, or pain, you should see your doctor. Also, the doctor should examine the testicles as part of regular medical checkups.

Exams For Women

Breast - When breast cancer is found early, a woman has more treatment choices and a good chance of complete recovery. It is, therefore, important that breast cancer be detected as early as possible. The National Cancer Institute encourages women to take an active part in early detection. They should talk to their doctor about this disease, the symptoms to watch for, and an appropriate schedule of checkups. Women should ask their doctor about:

• Mammograms (x-rays of the breast);
• Breast exams by a doctor or nurse; and
• Breast self-examination (BSE)

A mammogram can often show tumors or changes in the breast before they can be felt or cause symptoms. However, we know mammograms cannot find every abnormal area in the breast. This is especially true in the breasts of young women. Another important step in early detection is for women to have their breasts examined regularly by a doctor or a nurse.

Between visits to the doctor, women should examine their breasts every month. By doing BSE, women learn what looks and feels normal for their breasts, and they are more likely to find a change. Any changes should be reported to the doctor. Most breast lumps are not cancer, but only a doctor can make a diagnosis.

Cervix - Regular pelvic exams and Pap tests are important to detect early cancer of the cervix. In a pelvic exam, the doctor feels the uterus, vagina, ovaries, fallopian tubes, bladder, and rectum for any change in size or shape.

For the Pap test, a sample of cells is collected from the upper vagina and cervix with a small brush or a flat wooden stick. The sample is placed in a glass slide and checked under a microscope for cancer or other abnormal cells.

Women should start having a Pap test every year after they turn 18 or become sexually active. If the results are normal for 3 or more years in a row, a woman may have this test less often, based on her doctor's advice.

Leukemia this is the cancer of the blood see the symtom of it

• Leukemia is a cancer of blood cells (and therefore sometimes referred to as bloodcancer).
• While the exact cause(s) of leukemia is not known, risk factors have been identified, including radiation exposure and exposure to benzene.
• Common symptoms of chronic or acute leukemia may include
  • pain in the bones or joints,
  • swollen lymph nodes that usually don't hurt,
  • fevers or night sweats,
  • feeling weak or tired,
  • bleeding and bruising easily,
  • frequent infections,
  • discomfort or swelling in the abdomen,
  • weight loss or loss of appetite.
• Leukemias are grouped by how quickly the disease develops (acute or chronic) as well as by the type of blood cell that is affected (lymphocytes or myelocytes). The four main types of leukemia include acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute myelocytic leukemia (AML), and chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML).
• People with leukemia are at significantly increased risk for developing infections, anemia, and bleeding. Other symptoms and signs include easy bruising,weight loss, night sweats, and unexplained fevers.
• The diagnosis of leukemia is supported by findings of the medical history and examination, and examining blood and bone marrow samples under a microscope.
• Treatment of leukemia depends on the type of leukemia, certain features of the leukemia cells, the extent of the disease, and prior history of treatment, as well as the age and health of the patient.
• Most patients with leukemia are treated with chemotherapy. Some patients also may have radiation therapy and/or bone marrow transplantation.
• There is no known way to prevent leukemia.
• The prognosis of leukemia depends upon several factors, including the patient's age, the type of leukemia, and the extent to which the cancer has spread.

Cancer 101 Pictures Slideshow: A Visual Guide to Understanding Cancer

What are the different types of cancer?see this this

There are over 200 types of cancer; far too numerous to include in this introductory article. However, the NCI lists several general categories (see list in first section of this article). This list is expanded below to list more specific types of cancers found in each general category; it is not all inclusive and the cancers listed in quotes are the general names of some cancers:

• Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internalorgans -- "skin, lung, colon, pancreatic, ovarian cancers," epithelial, squamous and basal cell carcinomas, melanomas, papillomas, and adenomas
• Sarcoma: Cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue -- "bone, soft tissue cancers," osteosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, liposarcoma, angiosarcoma, rhabdosarcoma, and fibrosarcoma
• Leukemia: Cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood -- "leukemia," lymphoblastic leukemias (ALL and CLL), myelogenous leukemias